KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 104 / 104
The Mode D2/M Evolution — Cleaner and More Durable

Why Not Fully Aneutronic: The x >= 0.45 Redesign

The burner could be made far cleaner — but true near-aneutronic operation is a different machine, and the record says so.

It is tempting to push the burner toward zero neutrons by loading it with helium-3, but on the locked config that breaks closure. Above a helium-3 fraction of about 0.43 the power balance no longer closes: the helium-3-heavy fuel does not react hard enough to fund the mirror's end losses. True near-aneutronic operation is a named future machine, not this design.

The science

On the locked closing config the window is x_He3 in [0.20, ~0.43]. Below 0.20 the charged-power budget starves; above ~0.43 the reaction rate falls too far and the machine no longer closes. Reaching near-aneutronic cleanliness (x ≥ 0.45) would require a redesigned machine — higher field, density, or size — not just more fuel.

Why it matters

The honest version of the aneutronic dream names its cost. Helium-3-helium-3 fusion is a north star worth stating, but presenting it as a tweak to this machine would be false. The record keeps it as a labeled future option, which is what lets the low-neutron claim on the actual design stay credible.

The numbers

Closure windowx_He3 in [0.20, ~0.43]
Below 0.20charged-power budget starves
Above ~0.43reaction rate too low; does not close
Near-aneutronic (x >= 0.45)requires a REDESIGNED machine
3He-3Hea north star, not this design
Straight answersThe closure window [0.20, ~0.43] and the loss of closure above it are frozen on the locked config (M-46); the near-aneutronic redesign is a named option, not a current design point. The earlier x=0.5/0.95 collapse figures were on the withdrawn config and are dropped.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
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