KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 072 / 104
Direct Energy Conversion & Power Handling

Honest Lower Bounds: The Energy Convention the Ledger Uses

Where the physics was ambiguous, the burner chose the convention that understates its own output.

Where the burner's axial-loss energy accounting could be read two ways, the design chose the convention that excludes the plug potential from both sides — making the directed power a lower bound on converter input and the plug power a lower bound on recirculation. It rounds against itself.

The science

The calibration source's own equations proved internally inconsistent when evaluated at its stated point, so rather than tune an unsourced factor to make them fit, the burner adopts the unambiguous internal-energy form for axial loss. The consequence, stated in the code: directed power is a lower bound on converter input, plug power a lower bound on recirculation.

Why it matters

Choosing the self-penalizing convention where the physics is ambiguous is the clearest signal of intent in the whole ledger. A design that rounds against itself when uncertain is a design whose favorable numbers can be trusted, because it did not manufacture them.

The numbers

Ambiguityaxial-loss energy convention
Choiceexclude plug potential from both sides
Directed powerlower bound on converter input
Plug powerlower bound on recirculation
Rejectedtuning an unsourced factor
Straight answersThe convention is conservative by construction; where the calibration source was self-inconsistent, the burner reports the bounded form rather than fitting an unsourced factor — the numbers err toward understating output.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
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