KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 068 / 104
Direct Energy Conversion & Power Handling

Bremsstrahlung, Cross-Checked

The burner's second radiation channel is computed two ways, and the design uses the more cautious one.

Bremsstrahlung — braking radiation from electron-ion collisions — carries 29.9 MW, about 15% of fusion power, at the reference point. The design computes it two ways and reports the lower, so the ledger is mildly optimistic in a stated, bounded direction.

The science

The burner's bremsstrahlung form truncates its temperature series and omits the electron-electron term, so it under-estimates above ~100 keV. A published 2024 fit (Xie) is carried as a cross-check and runs 8% higher, at 32.3 MW. The reference uses the lower 29.9 MW value, and says so.

Why it matters

Carrying a cross-check and naming which value is used — and in which direction it errs — is the difference between a number and an audited number. The 8% optimism is small, bounded, and disclosed, which is exactly how a design earns trust on the numbers that are not disclosed as uncertain.

The numbers

Bremsstrahlung (used)29.9 MW (15.2% of fusion)
Cross-check (Xie 2024)32.3 MW (+8%)
Value usedthe lower one
Bias directionmildly optimistic, stated
Under-estimates above~100 keV
Straight answersThe bremsstrahlung form under-estimates above ~100 keV; the Xie cross-check is carried at +8%, and the reference uses the lower value — a disclosed, bounded optimism, not a hidden one.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
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