KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 047 / 104
Low-Neutron by Design

D-3He Versus D-T: The Neutron Budget Compared

Choosing the fuel is choosing the plant you must build around it — and the neutron budget is the fork.

A D-T plant sends about 80% of its energy out as 14 MeV neutrons; the burner's D-3He cycle sends 5.44% at its design point. That roughly order-of-magnitude difference in neutron budget is the single fork from which the two plants' entire designs diverge.

The science

D-T's 14.1 MeV neutrons demand a meter-scale breeding blanket, activate the structure, and set a replacement clock. D-3He's charged-particle output needs none of that: no breeding blanket, a gentle wall, and a path to direct conversion. The burner pays a confinement price for the quiet fuel and buys a categorically different plant with it.

Why it matters

The neutron budget is not one design parameter among many; it decides the blanket, the wall life, the activation inventory, the maintenance cadence, and the licensing posture all at once. Kronos fields both fuels — D-T in the breeder, D-3He in the burner — because each budget suits a different job.

The numbers

D-T neutron budget~80% of energy
D-3He neutron budget5.44% (design point)
D-T requiresbreeding blanket, frequent wall changes
D-3He requiresno blanket, gentle wall
Tradequiet fuel for harder confinement
Straight answersThe comparison uses conservative mainstream D-T assumptions; the burner's advantage is in maintenance and materials, and the confinement cost of D-3He is stated openly as the price of the quiet budget.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
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