KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 034 / 104
The Burner — Aegis & MetroVolt

Solved, Not Assumed: The Electron Temperature

The burner's electron temperature is an output of the power balance, and it is not equal to the ion temperature.

In the burner's reference solve, the electron temperature is 91.8 keV — computed from the electron power balance, not assumed, and deliberately not set equal to the 100 keV ion temperature. Solving for it rather than pinning it is a small discipline with large consequences.

The science

D-3He plasmas deposit fast-particle energy preferentially on electrons, so assuming T_e = T_i would misstate both radiation and confinement. The burner solves the electron power balance explicitly, returning T_e = 91.8 keV against T_i = 100 keV. Radiation, confinement, and the converter spec all follow from the solved value.

Why it matters

Because synchrotron radiation and the confining potential both depend on electron temperature, getting it from physics rather than assumption is what keeps the ledger honest. It is one of the corrections the burner's independent solve made to the prior evaluator.

The numbers

Electron temperature T_e91.8 keV (solved)
Ion temperature T_i100 keV (free)
RelationshipT_e < T_i (not assumed equal)
Sourceelectron power balance
Feedsradiation, confinement, converter spec
Straight answersSolving T_e removes a hidden assumption but places the result partly in the fitted range of the synchrotron model; the temperature sits at 91.8 keV, inside the fit, while some window points reach its edge — stated in the limitations.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
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