KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 014 / 104
Hyperion — The Breeder

Capacity Factor: Damage-Life-Limited, Not Duty-Limited

Hyperion runs steady-state, so its uptime is set by how long the first wall survives, not by a pulse cycle.

A breeder's product is fuel per year, and that depends on capacity factor — the fraction of time the machine actually runs. Hyperion runs steady-state (bootstrap plus driven current together carry the full plasma current), so its capacity factor is damage-life-limited, not duty-limited: a defensible band of 0.58 to 0.83, central 0.69.

The science

Because the machine is steady-state, there is no pulse duty cycle to cap uptime; what limits it is first-wall damage. At about 19.66 displacements-per-atom per full-power year the wall reaches a life of roughly 2.5 full-power years, which sets the capacity-factor band at 0.58 to 0.83 (central 0.69). This supersedes the older pulsed 0.1442 figure, which assumed the wrong operating mode.

Why it matters

Because tritium delivered per year scales directly with capacity factor, and availability is the dominant lever on the breeder's whole case, the basis matters: a steady-state, damage-life-limited band is a physically grounded number, where a pulsed duty figure was simply the wrong model. The band is wide because it is contingent on three research inputs, and the record says so.

The numbers

Operating modesteady-state (bootstrap + driven = Ip)
Capacity factor0.58-0.83 (central 0.69)
Limitdamage-life, not duty cycle
First-wall damage~19.66 dpa/fpy -> life ~2.5 fpy
Supersedesthe pulsed 0.1442 basis
Straight answersThe 0.58-0.83 band is damage-life-limited and contingent on three research inputs (H29); it is a steady-state basis that replaces the earlier pulsed 0.1442. No economic figure is attached here.
Kronos is the fusion company that shows its work. Every figure here traces to the openly deposited Kronos simulation programme and design-point records (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us. — All whitepapers
Conceptual design and simulation study; no machine has been built. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates named in the text; superseded values are kept in the record with era labels. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Inc. · Los Angeles, California.
← Back to the whitepaper library