Turbulent (Anomalous) Transport

Micro-turbulence that leaks heat faster than collisions alone; the main confinement-limiter.

Small-scale drift-wave turbulence transports heat and particles across the confining field far faster than collisions would — 'anomalous' transport. Predicting and suppressing it is the central problem of confinement physics.

Kronos's confinement targets are anchored to the empirical H-mode database, which already folds in typical turbulent losses, rather than to first-principles turbulence optimism.