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Kronos Fusion Energy

Research & Publications

A five-paper 2026 design series on a compact fusion isotope and energy platform — each paper accompanied by a fully reproducible, openly archived simulation and data deposit, and available as one complete volume.

Status. All five papers are permanently archived and citable on Zenodo (DOIs below). The spherical-tokamak breeder and the tandem-mirror generator are under review at Nuclear Fusion (IOP); the AI and quantum control study is under review at Fusion Engineering & Design (Elsevier). Live in-browser physics simulators accompany the breeder and generator papers.

Every headline number regenerates from a named script and archived data under a fixed random seed; requirement-class assumptions and open risks are carried openly rather than absorbed into a single optimum. Each paper below has its own page, linking the manuscript to its data-and-code deposit, the interactive 3D model, and the live verification simulator.

The complete volume

The Kronos 2026 Publication — Complete Volume

All five studies in one bound volume: the compact fusion isotope-and-energy platform, front to back — breeder, generator, magnets, direct energy conversion, and AI/quantum control — with the shared methodology, notation, and reproducibility manifest that ties them together.

Breeder · Spherical Tokamak

Hyperion: A Spherical-Tokamak Helium-3 and Tritium Breeder Sized to a National Requirement

P. I. Ford, G. L. Kulcinski · Kronos Fusion Energy

A compact spherical-tokamak breeder whose size is set by an isotope-supply requirement rather than by electrical output. Across 25,200 configurations the minimum plasma current meeting a national tritium duty falls to 4.93 MA — a third of ITER's — and tritium breeding is presented as an openly-shown blanket lever (demonstrated beryllium-multiplied TBR ≈ 1.34, with an advanced-blanket development target above it). Helium-3, the strategic product, is bred independently of the blanket.

Read the paper page →PDF (49 pp)doi:zenodo.21746157Under review · Nuclear Fusion (IOP)
Generator · D–³He Tandem Mirror

A Deuterium–Helium-3 Tandem-Mirror Generator with Direct Energy Conversion: Closure and Named Extrapolations

P. I. Ford, G. L. Kulcinski · Kronos Fusion Energy

A low-neutron D–³He generator that closes its power balance on measured component efficiencies, with every extrapolation beyond demonstrated hardware named rather than hidden. Introduces a new physics result — the synchrotron effective harmonic cutoff scales with machine size — and states its single largest open requirement (end-plug density) plainly, including a companion structural gate on the plug winding.

Read the paper page →PDF (48 pp)doi:zenodo.21746479Under review · Nuclear Fusion (IOP)
Magnets · REBCO

An Integrated High-Field REBCO Conductor and Winding System for Compact Fusion Magnets

P. I. Ford, R. J. Weggel, C. Weggel · Kronos Fusion Energy

A strain-first REBCO conductor architecture and a bore-resolved winding method, applied across two dissimilar machines. The central result is an honest negative: the binding constraint flips between a stress-comfortable spherical-tokamak centrepost and a stress-bound mirror plug, with the field a conductor enables kept rigorously separate from what a coil can realise. Kronos has fabricated and measured nothing; every number is a design target, model output, or literature inference.

Power Conversion · DEC

Direct Energy Conversion for a D–³He Magnetic-Mirror Burner: The Electron Channel is the Larger Axial Stream

P. I. Ford, G. L. Kulcinski · Kronos Fusion Energy

Shows that the conventional framing of advanced-fuel direct energy conversion describes the birth spectrum, not the axial loss channel: at reactor temperatures the recoverable stream is a directed electron flow that no published converter recovers. Proposes a quasineutral two-species expander — the ambipolar magnetic nozzle run backward — with a pre-registered bench program to test it.

Control · AI & Quantum

Physics-Informed AI and Quantum Technologies for Certifiable Real-Time Control of Compact Fusion Generators

P. I. Ford · Kronos Fusion Energy

A layered, AI-native digital-twin control architecture evaluated as a methods-and-certification study, holding three technology-readiness tiers strictly apart. Demonstrates a deterministic safety clamp (3000/3000 injected violations caught, zero escapes), a certified control-barrier guarantee preserved through calibration, and a quantum-inspired kinetic solver — while reporting every missed target rather than reframing it.

Read the paper page →PDF (26 pp)doi:zenodo.21842371Under review · Fusion Engineering & Design (Elsevier)

Reproducibility. Each deposit is Open Access (CC BY 4.0) in the Kronos Fusion Energy Zenodo community and carries a run-all reproduction driver, pinned computing environment, and per-file checksums. The papers contain no financial or commercial information.