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How does Kronos validate its simulations?
Through a three-tier evidence discipline — reduced-order engines, deposited input decks, and referee-defense analyses — cross-validated and released openly as 81 analyses.
Validation discipline — tiers, cross-code checks, and open deposit — is central to the Kronos method. See what are Tier-1 and Tier-2 simulations? and open data & reproducibility.
Questions & answers
How does Kronos make sure its simulations are trustworthy?
It uses a three-tier evidence discipline. Tier-1 results are computed with reduced-order engines that are cross-validated against each other and against experimental databases; Tier-2 analyses are full high-fidelity input decks deposited for independent HPC runs; and decision gates mark the load-bearing checks. All 81 analyses are released openly so anyone can audit them.
What about uncertainty?
Key results carry Monte-Carlo uncertainty propagation, and the design point is checked for self-consistency across all eight coupled constraints simultaneously (analysis S76). Where a high-fidelity result is still pending (like nonlinear gyrokinetics or OpenMC neutronics), it's labelled as such rather than glossed over.
Can I check the validation myself?
Yes — the full record, code and data, is at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 under CC BY 4.0.