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Publication series 3 — Economics & Market

Firm Power, Priced: MetroVolt in Real Electricity Markets

The grid's scarcest product is no longer energy — it is around-the-clock certainty.

Wholesale markets increasingly pay two prices: one for energy, a larger one for firmness. MetroVolt is engineered for the second market — 0.61–0.84 GWe of dispatchable, fuel-secure, carbon-free output at >0.9 design availability.

The science

Availability is engineered, not hoped: N+1 redundancy in the balance-of-plant analysis carries plant availability above 0.9, and the absence of a blanket-changeout cycle removes the outage class that caps D-T competitors near 0.71–0.75. The direct-energy-conversion train's electrical front end also responds faster than a steam plant, giving the unit real ancillary-services capability.

Siting economics compound it: a compact core with modest exclusion needs can occupy retiring thermal-plant interconnects — the scarcest, most valuable real estate on the modern grid.

Why it matters

Data centers, electrified industry, and reliability-constrained utilities are signing multi-decade firm contracts at historically strong prices. MetroVolt's required-PPA band ($56–92) sits inside those prints, and its availability story is structural rather than promised. Firm, clean, compact, sited on existing interconnects: that is the product.

The numbers

Design availability> 0.9 (N+1 basis)
Output per unit0.61–0.84 GWe firm
Outage class avoidedblanket changeouts (D-T: ~20–25/life)
Required PPA$56–92 / MWh band
Siting leverageretiring thermal interconnects
Straight answersAvailability >0.9 is a design-basis computation; demonstrated fleet availability is, by definition, a post-FOAK statistic. The economics rungs that depend on it say so.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.