KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 17 / 40
Publication series 2 — Energy & Product

Two Throttles: Near-Thermal Baseline, Hot-Ion Upside

One machine, two honest operating postures — and the conservative one signs the contracts.

MetroVolt is specified twice on purpose. The near-thermal posture (ion and electron temperatures equal) is the operating baseline the economics stand on; the hot-ion posture (Ti/Te = 1.9) is a physics upside held behind a pre-registered gate.

The science

Hot-ion operation boosts fusion output — the deposited ceiling is 2.41 GW — but D-³He plasmas deposit fast-particle energy preferentially on electrons, taxing the very temperature split that makes hot-ion attractive. The completed Fokker–Planck gate (S26) and the channeling bound (S72: ≤30% tax redress) size that tax honestly, which is why the baseline is near-thermal: ≈1.5 GW-class fusion, 0.4–0.5 GWe net on the fallback pricing, with its ≈2.2 profile-basis confinement requirement stated in the abstract.

The hot-ion case is retained as the P6-adjudicated upside — 0.61 GWe conservative, 0.84 GWe with bounded channeling — engineered now, credited only when the gate says so. A bonus, published with the rest: the near-thermal core is also the more turbulence-stable one (ITG threshold ≈1.3× higher).

Why it matters

Two postures give customers a floor they can bank and an upside they don't pay for until it is proven. It also tells reviewers something rarer: this team downgraded its own headline number when its own physics said to.

The numbers

Baseline (near-thermal)≈1.5 GW-class fusion · 0.4–0.5 GWe
Upside (hot-ion, gated)2.41 GW fusion · 0.61–0.84 GWe
Hot-ion tax redress bound≤30% (S72)
Baseline confinement needH98 ≈ 2.2 (profile basis, stated)
Adjudicationgate P6, pre-registered
Straight answersThe near-thermal baseline carries the design's highest confinement requirement (≈2.2) — printed at the top of the band, not hidden under the hot-ion number. The two-fluid balance is one of the two named governing gaps of the series.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.