KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 17 / 40
Series B — Energy & Product

Two Throttles: Near-Thermal Baseline, Hot-Ion Upside

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One machine, two honest operating postures — and the conservative one signs the contracts.

MetroVolt is specified twice on purpose. The near-thermal posture (ion and electron temperatures equal) is the operating baseline the economics stand on; the hot-ion posture (Ti/Te = 1.9) is a physics upside held behind a pre-registered gate.

The science

Hot-ion operation boosts fusion output — the deposited ceiling is 2.41 GW — but D-³He plasmas deposit fast-particle energy preferentially on electrons, taxing the very temperature split that makes hot-ion attractive. The completed Fokker–Planck gate (S26) and the channeling bound (S72: ≤30% tax redress) size that tax honestly, which is why the baseline is near-thermal: Ti = Te = 48 keV, 1.22 GW fusion, 486 MWe net on the exhaust-honest ledger, with its 2.28 profile-basis confinement requirement stated in the abstract.

The hot-ion case is retained as the P6-adjudicated ceiling — its 0.61/0.84 GWe ledgers labeled history — engineered now, credited only when the gate says so. A bonus, published with the rest: the near-thermal core is also the more turbulence-stable one (ITG threshold ≈1.3× higher).

Why it matters

Two postures give customers a floor they can bank and an upside they don't pay for until it is proven. It also tells reviewers something rarer: this team downgraded its own headline number when its own physics said to.

The numbers

Baseline (near-thermal, Mode D)1.22 GW fusion · 486 MWe exhaust-honest
Ceiling (hot-ion, gated history)2.41 GW fusion · 0.61–0.84 GWe
Hot-ion tax redress bound≤30% (S72)
Baseline confinement needH98 = 2.28 (2.38 banking leg, stated)
Adjudicationgate P6, pre-registered
Straight answersThe near-thermal baseline carries the design's highest confinement requirement (2.28–2.38) — printed at the top of the band, not hidden under the hot-ion number. The two-fluid balance is one of the two named governing gaps of the series.
Run the physics yourself. The live simulation companion runs the deposited equations in your browser — no install, same coefficients: kronosfusionenergy.com/Physics_Validation_Simulation.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt design paper — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21746479 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.