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Publication series 2 — Energy & Product

The Hard Question We Kept: Proton Channeling and the DEC Gate

The single biggest efficiency lever in the plant is also the one we refuse to assume.

If the 14.7 MeV fusion protons could be steered into the direct converter at full value, MetroVolt's output would jump. They cannot — not fully, not for free — and the series prices exactly how much of that dream survives contact with kinetics.

The science

Fast protons born in D-³He fusion slow down on the plasma's electrons and ions before any extraction scheme can claim them. The deposited Fokker–Planck and exhaust analyses (S26, S51/S65, S72) bound the recoverable fraction: channeling 15–25% of the proton line redresses only 5–8% of the hot-ion sustainment tax — a ≤30% redress even at 100% channel efficiency.

That bound has teeth: it demoted hot-ion operation from baseline to adjudicated upside and set the near-thermal posture as the plant's operating baseline. The decision is enshrined as a gate (P6) with pre-registered criteria.

Why it matters

Every technology has a number its enthusiasts want to assume. Publishing the bound — and re-basing the whole plant on the posture that survives it — is why the rest of MetroVolt's ledger deserves belief. The upside remains real and gated: if channeling experiments beat the bound, the 0.84 GWe posture is already engineered.

The numbers

Channeling bound≤30% tax redress at 100% efficiency (S72)
Realistic credit15–25% of proton line ⇒ 5–8% of tax
Design consequencenear-thermal = baseline; hot-ion = P6-gated upside
GateP6, pre-registered criteria
AnalysesS26 · S51 · S65 · S72, deposited
Straight answersDEC exhaust physics at reactor parameters is a named decision gate (S51/S65 avalanche item open); the plant's baseline economics are computed without the channeling credit.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.