KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 14 / 40
Series A — The Machine

Stability at the Computed Limit: βN 4.96 in the Wall-Stabilized Regime

See it live in the 3D Model →

The design point rides the free-plasma limit — and the upgrade path is already adjudicated.

MetroVolt's ratified Mode-D point operates at normalized pressure βN = 4.96 — at the computed wall-stabilised limit of 5.0 (the binding constraint of the whole design, +1% margin). The deposited MHD programme states what that requires: rotation plus kinetic resistive-wall-mode control, carried as baseline physics, not upside.

The science

Ideal-MHD analyses (MISHKA/MARS-K-class decks, S22/S25) adjudicate the with-wall limit at βN ≈ 5.0, conditioned on plasma rotation and kinetic resistive-wall-mode stabilization — requirements stated, not waved away. The robustness envelope (S79) prices the prize: at βN = 5.0 the same frozen geometry delivered +24% fusion power in the as-studied hot-ion-era pricing (2,409 → 2,999 MW) at unchanged confinement quality, with the density limit becoming the next boundary — an envelope the Mode-D re-basis then adopted as the operating regime.

The Mode-C era ran at βN 4.33 with the wall-stabilised regime held in reserve; the corrected-physics re-optimization (24 July 2026) moved the operating point to 4.96 against the 5.0 limit, so what was an upgrade path is now baseline-critical — stated plainly and carried in the gap register.

Why it matters

The honest statement is the inverted one: after the corrected physics, MetroVolt needs the wall-stabilised regime to operate, and says so. The MARS-K decks that adjudicate it are public, the rotation requirement is explicit, and the graceful-retreat path (S80 operating window, −37% density room) is priced.

The numbers

Operating βN4.96 (Mode D) vs computed limit 5.0 — binding, +1%
No-wall limitβN 3.20 (S21)
Mode-C-era point4.33 (labeled history)
Conditionsrotation + kinetic RWM stabilization — baseline-critical
Next boundary after βGreenwald fraction 1.30
Straight answersWall stabilization at reactor scale requires rotation and feedback performance that remain to be demonstrated — and at the Mode-D point the baseline DOES depend on it. That is the second governing gap, carried openly beside the confinement requirement.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt design paper — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21746479 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.