KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 14 / 40
Publication series 1 — The Machine

Stability With Headroom: βN 4.33 Today, +24% With the Wall

The design point rides the free-plasma limit — and the upgrade path is already adjudicated.

MetroVolt operates at normalized pressure βN = 4.33 against the no-wall Troyon limit of 4.5. The deposited MHD programme shows what disciplined ambition looks like: run at the free limit, and hold the wall-stabilised regime in reserve.

The science

Ideal-MHD analyses (MISHKA/MARS-K-class decks, S22/S25) adjudicate the with-wall limit at βN ≈ 5.0, conditioned on plasma rotation and kinetic resistive-wall-mode stabilization — requirements stated, not waved away. The robustness envelope (S79) prices the prize: at βN = 5.0 the same frozen geometry delivers +24% fusion power (2,409 → 2,999 MW) at unchanged confinement quality, with the density limit becoming the next boundary.

High-current beta analysis (KX-9) favours the 42.5 MA mode (βN 4.33 vs 4.96 for the alternative), while the disruption ledger favours lower current — a real trade, resolved by gate adjudication and published as such.

Why it matters

A design that needs its best case to close is fragile; MetroVolt closes at the no-wall limit and treats wall stabilization as upside. For offtakers, that is a +24% power option on the same capital; for physicists, it is a falsifiable claim with the decks already public.

The numbers

Operating βN4.33 (no-wall limit 4.5)
Wall-stabilised limitβN ≈ 5.0 (S22/S25)
Upside at βN 5.0+24% Pfus (2,409 → 2,999 MW)
Conditionsrotation + kinetic RWM stabilization
Next boundary after βGreenwald fraction 1.30
Straight answersWall stabilization at reactor scale requires rotation and feedback performance that remain to be demonstrated; MetroVolt's baseline economics do not depend on it.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.