KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 08 / 40
Series A — The Machine

43 Million Amps, Safely: The q95 ≥ 5 Discipline

See it live in the 3D Model →

Plasma current buys confinement — and sells stability. MetroVolt sets the exchange rate in public.

MetroVolt drives 43.0 MA of plasma current, among the largest ever specified. What keeps that ambition honest is a self-imposed floor: the edge safety factor q95 stays at or above 5, verified by free-boundary equilibrium, not estimated from formulas.

The science

The safety factor counts how many times a field line winds the long way around for each short-way turn; low q95 invites the kink instabilities and disruptions that end discharges violently. Formula estimates flatter shaped plasmas, so MetroVolt computes q95 from the actual FreeGS equilibrium at δ = −0.30: q95(eq) = 5.24 at the operating 43 MA and 6.37 T (KX-8D) — the ≥5.0 floor met at full current (the 6.0 T-era benchmark gave 4.94 and had forced a trim to 42.5 MA).

The robustness study (S79) then asks the impolite question: what if current falls short? Answer, published: a 10% Ip shortfall is not recoverable by density trim — plasma current is the least forgiving parameter in the design. That finding shapes the control philosophy and the disruption engineering budget.

Why it matters

A disruption at 43.0 MA stores real energy (11.5 GJ; ~630 MN vertical load, KX-24D — quantified in the deposit), so the q95 discipline is the difference between a power plant and a research risk. Buyers of firm power are really buying operating margin; ours is computed, floored, and stress-tested against its own worst parameter.

The numbers

Plasma current Ip43.0 MA
Safety-factor floorq95(eq) ≥ 5.0 — met at full current
Operating solveq95(eq) 5.24 at 43 MA, 6.37 T (KX-8D)
Least forgiving parameterIp (S79, adverse, published)
Disruption ledger11.5 GJ · ~630 MN (KX-24D; mitigated by SPI)
Straight answersNon-inductive sustainment of 43.0 MA relies on bootstrap plus current drive whose integrated demonstration is a Tier-2 item; the current-drive budget and its acceptance criteria are deposited.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt design paper — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21746479 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.