KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 07 / 40
Publication series 1 — The Machine

Confinement, Stated Plainly: The H98 = 1.8–2.2 Requirement

Most fusion concepts hide their hardest number. Ours is printed in the abstract.

For MetroVolt to close, its plasma must hold energy 1.8 to 2.2 times better than the standard H-mode scaling law (IPB98(y,2)) predicts for its size and field — depending on operating mode. That multiplier, H98, is the design's single most important open question, and we treat it that way.

The science

The requirement is mode-dependent and every value is published: 1.84 at the frozen hot-ion point on the profile basis, 1.91 at the 80:20 mix, up to ≈2.2 for the near-thermal operating baseline (the 0-D systems gate returns 2.24 at the deposited Ti = Te = 42 keV reference; the documented convention offset reconciles it to ≈2.2 on the profile basis).

Why is it plausible? Negative-triangularity experiments already report confinement at or above H-mode-like levels without ELMs, and MetroVolt's high-β, high-density spherical geometry is the regime where NT core turbulence behaves best. The claim is extrapolated, gated, and assigned to a decision gate (S18) with deposited gyrokinetic decks waiting on HPC time.

Why it matters

Every fusion venture is betting on something. We name our bet, price it, and publish the experiment that settles it. If NT confinement lands where the evidence points, MetroVolt closes with margin; the requirement band, the fallback posture, and the adverse cases are all in the open record.

The numbers

Required H98 band≈1.8–2.2 (mode-dependent, profile basis)
Frozen hot-ion point1.84
Near-thermal baseline≈2.2 (0-D gate 2.24 @ 42 keV)
Adjudicating gateS18 (nonlinear gyrokinetics)
Evidence baseDIII-D / TCV NT experiments
Straight answersNo machine has yet demonstrated H98 ≈ 2 at MetroVolt's scale. This is the design's governing gap, carried openly since the first page of the series — the deposited CGYRO decks (S13) are the test.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.