KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 07 / 40
Series A — The Machine

Confinement, Stated Plainly: The H98 = 2.28 Requirement

Most fusion concepts hide their hardest number. Ours is printed in the abstract.

For MetroVolt to close, its plasma must hold energy 2.28 times better than the standard H-mode scaling law (IPB98(y,2)) predicts for its size and field — 2.38 on the 85:15 banking leg. That multiplier, H98, is the design's single most important open question, and we treat it that way.

The science

The requirement is published without a hedge: H98 = 2.28 at the Mode-D operating baseline and 2.38 on the 85:15 banking leg (self-consistent profile basis, S76/KX-1D). The Mode-C-era figures — 1.84 hot-ion, 1.91 at 80:20, on a pinned stored-energy basis the Phase-V audit retired — are kept as the labeled history of how the requirement moved when the physics was corrected.

Why is it plausible? Negative-triangularity experiments already report confinement at or above H-mode-like levels without ELMs, and MetroVolt's high-β, high-density spherical geometry is the regime where NT core turbulence behaves best. The claim is extrapolated, gated, and assigned to a decision gate (S18) with deposited gyrokinetic decks waiting on HPC time.

Why it matters

Every fusion venture is betting on something. We name our bet, price it, and publish the experiment that settles it. If NT confinement lands where the evidence points, MetroVolt closes with margin; the requirement band, the fallback posture, and the adverse cases are all in the open record.

The numbers

Required H982.28 baseline · 2.38 banking leg (Mode D)
Mode-C-era figures1.84 / 1.91 (labeled history)
Demonstrated NT band1.0–1.2 sustained (≈1.5 transient)
Adjudicating gateS18 (nonlinear gyrokinetics)
Evidence baseDIII-D / TCV NT experiments
Straight answersNo machine has yet demonstrated H98 ≈ 2.3 at MetroVolt's scale. This is the design's governing gap, carried openly since the first page of the series — the deposited CGYRO decks (S13) are the test.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt design paper — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.