KRONOS FUSION ENERGYWHITEPAPER 02 / 40
Publication series 1 — The Machine

Small Giant: The Aspect-Ratio-2 Spherical Tokamak

A fatter torus squeezes more plasma pressure out of every tesla — and every dollar.

MetroVolt's torus is nearly a sphere with a hole through it: major radius 5.75 m, minor radius 2.875 m, aspect ratio exactly 2.0. Compactness here is not styling — it is physics leverage.

The science

Plasma pressure scales with the square of the field, but what a magnet buys you depends on geometry: low-aspect-ratio machines reach higher normalized pressure (β) per unit field. MetroVolt runs a toroidal β of 10.66% and a normalized βN of 4.33 at the frozen point — numbers a conventional aspect-ratio-3 machine cannot hold at the same safety margins.

Elongation κ = 2.56 stretches the plasma vertically, adding cross-section (2,402 m³ of plasma volume) and bootstrap current. The equilibrium, vertical stability, and the 0.42 m of spare radial build are all computed and deposited — the compactness closes as a system (S76), not as a slogan.

Why it matters

Machine volume drives capital cost. At R₀ = 5.75 m, MetroVolt's vacuum vessel, magnets, and shield fit a build envelope that existing heavy industry can fabricate and existing sites can host, while still delivering gigawatt-class fusion power. The spherical-tokamak bet is that the shortest path to commercial fusion economics runs through a smaller, higher-β machine — and MetroVolt writes that bet down in checkable numbers.

The numbers

Aspect ratio A2.0 (R₀ 5.75 m / a 2.875 m)
Elongation κ2.56
Toroidal β10.66%
Normalized βN4.33 (limit 4.5 no-wall)
Plasma volume2,402 m³
Spare radial build0.42 m
Straight answersHigh-β spherical-tokamak operation at this scale and field is beyond any existing device; the integrated feasibility claim rests on the deposited eight-constraint systems evaluation (S76) and carries the confinement gate stated in the series.
Every figure in this paper traces to the openly deposited 81-simulation programme (S01–S81) behind the Kronos MetroVolt four-paper design series — data and code at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21248916 (CC BY 4.0). Read the series, run the code, check us.
Kronos MetroVolt is a conceptual design study. Quantitative values are simulation-derived and carry the feasibility gates stated in the series; Tier-2 flagship-code confirmations are deposited as runnable decks pending HPC execution. This document is informational and is not an offer of securities. © 2026 Kronos Fusion Energy, Los Angeles.